Ⅰ. Summary：把下面的文章总结成 120 个词：
The first excavation of Stonehenge in more than 40 years has uncovered evidence that the stone circle drew ailing pilgrims from around Europe for what they believed to be its healing properties, archeologists said Monday.
Archaeologists Geoffrey Wainwright and Timothy Darvill said the content of graves scattered around the monument and the ancient chipping of its rocks to produce amulets indicated that Stonehenge was the primeval equivalent of Lourdes, the French shrine venerated for its supposed ability to cure the sick.
An unusual number of skeletons recovered from the area showed signs of serious disease or injury. Analysis of their dental records showed that about half were from outside the Stonehenge area.
"People were in a state of distress, if I can put it as politely as that, when they came to the Stonehenge monument," Darvill told journalists assembled at London's Society of Antiquaries.He pointed out that experts near Stonehenge have found two skulls that showed evidence of primitive surgery, some of just a few known cases of operations in prehistoric Britain."Even today, that's the pretty serious end of medicine," he said. Also found near Stonehenge was the body of a man known as the Amesbury Archer, who had a damaged skull and badly hurt knee and died around the time the stones were being installed. Analysis of the Archer's bones showed he was from the Alps.
Darvill cautioned, however, that the new evidence did not rule out other uses for Stonehenge."It could have been a temple, even as it was a healing center," Darvill said. "Just as Lourdes, for example, is still a religious center."
The archaeologists managed to date the construction of the stone monument to about 2,300 B.C., a couple of centuries younger than was previously thought. It was at that time that bluestones — a rare rock known to geologists as spotted dolomite — were shipped by hand or by raft from Pembrokeshire in Wales to Salisbury Plain in southern England, to create the inner circle of Stonehenge.
The outer circle, composed of much larger sandstone slabs, is what most people associate with the monument today, particularly since only about a third of the 80 or so bluestones remain. The scientists argued that they were once at the heart of Stonehenge, and closely associated with its healing properties.
As evidence, Darvill said his dig had uncovered masses of fragments carved out of the bluestones by people to create amulets. Any rock carried around in such a way would have had some sort of protective or healing property, he said. He said that theory was backed by burials in southwest England where the stones were interred with their owners.
Today the bluestones are now largely invisible, dwarfed by the huge sandstone monoliths — or "hanging stones" — that were erected later and still make up Stonehenge's iconic profile.
Both archaeologists quoted the 12th-century monk Geoffrey of Monmouth as saying the stones were thought to have medicinal properties. They also said that evidence uncovered by their dig showed that people were moving and chipping off pieces of the bluestones through the Roman period and even into the Middle Ages.
Darvill said he felt the "folklore interest" in the bluestones into modern times suggested some sort of lingering memory of their supposed healing powers.
"That would be for me the single strongest piece of evidence," he said.
Andrew Fitzpatrick, from British heritage group Wessex Archaeology, said Darvill and Wainwright's discovery was "very important" but that the healing theory, while plausible, was not the only one."I don't think we can rule out the other main competing theory — that the temple was a meeting point between the land of the living and the dead," he told the British Broadcasting Corp.
Ⅱ. 作文：
Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures. What do you think it mean to postgraduate in China? How can we foster our intercultural competence? Please write an essay about 400 words.
Ⅲ. 英译中：
Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange. In the first place it is available if not in actual fact, at least in the greengrocer’s shop. On the days when dessert is a name given to a handful of chocolates and a little preserved ginger, then the orange, however sour, comes nobly to the rescue; and on those other days of plenty when cherries and strawberries riot together upon the table, the orange, sweeter than ever ,is still there to hold its own. Bread and butter, beef and mutton, eggs and bacon, are not more necessary to an ordered existence than the orange.
It is well known that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues of the orange I have no room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving. It is clean, for whoever handles it, he doesn’t eat it directly but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellent substitute with the young for a cricket ball. But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness.
参考译文：
一年四季的水果中，我最推崇柑橘。首先，柑橘常年都有——即使不不是在树上，至少是在水果店里。有的时候，只用几块巧克力和一点蜜饯生姜充当餐后的甜点，两块李子干加 一片大黄便被冠以水果什锦美名，这时仍带酸味的柑橘便前来慷慨救驾；其他时候，水果丰 盈，樱桃、草莓、木梅、醋栗在餐桌上相互争艳时，此时比往日更加甜美的柑橘依然坚守在 自己的岗位。对于人们的日常生活，面包和黄油，牛肉和羊肉，鸡蛋和咸肉，都未必像柑橘 那样不可或缺。
很幸运，这种最普通的水果恰恰是最好的水果。论其优点，难尽其详。柑橘有益于健康， 比如，可以治愈流感，滋养皮肤。柑橘情节干净，不管是谁把它端上餐桌，也只触到它的表 皮，亦即它的外衣，吃完后橘皮便留在餐厅里。柑橘是圆的，给孩子们当板球玩是再好不过 了。柑橘核可用来弹射你的敌人，一小片橘皮也能让一个老者滑个趔趄。
（选自：Golden Fruit by Alan Alexander Milne）——译文选自刘士聪《英汉·汉英美文 翻译与鉴赏》；见张保红《文学翻译》第二章练习 1
Ⅳ. 中译英：
这首诗里尽管也有天地、父母、太阳、保姆、东风、西风、恩人、敌人等等引人注目的 字眼，然而这些都被他滥用了，变成了陈词滥调。问他本人，他认为这样写才显得内容新鲜。 实际上，他这么搞一点也不新鲜。
任何语言，包括诗的语言在内，都应该力求用最经济的方式，表达最丰富的内容。到了 有话非说不可的时候，说出的话才能动人。否则内容空虚，即便用了最伟大的字眼和词汇， 也将无济于事，甚至越说得多，反而越糟糕。因此，我想奉劝爱说伟大的空话的朋友，还是 多读，多想，少说一些，遇到要说话的时候，就去休息，不要浪费你自己和别人的时间和精 神吧！
参考译文：
There are in the poem eye-catching term like “sky”, “earth”, “father”, “mother”, “sun”, “nurse”, “east wind”, “west wind”, “benefactor”, “foe”, etc., which have become hackneyed through abuse. The kid may regard his way of writing as a mean to novelty while in fact he achieves nothing novel at all.
In all language, including poetic diction, we should strive for economy of expression, i.e., using as few words as possible to express the maximum amount of content. The language you use will be most effective only when you have an idea that you simply must put across. Otherwise, your speech will be empty of matter no matter how high-sounding the words and expressions you use. And the more you talk, the worse it is. I, therefore, advise all friends indulging in empty talk to do more reading and thinking, but less talking. Resist the urge of empty talk so that you can take a rest and meanwhile avoid wasting the time and energies of yourself and others.
(选自：邓拓《伟大的空话》)
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发表于 2017-12-14 13:57:06
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